Every other insurance page here is US. Here's what four other systems actually do

Most of it still applies. What vitiligo and psoriasis are, how the treatments work, and what patients report about living with either condition doesn't change by country. What changes is how you pay for care and how you get referred to a dermatologist. The other insurance pages I have written here are for US insurance and do not apply outside it. In the UK, seeing a GP and being treated by an NHS dermatologist is free at the point of use everywhere. What differs is the prescription charge. England charges £9.90 per item. Scotland, Wales, and (per the Welsh Government) Northern Ireland charge nothing at all.⌁ Evidence⌁ Evidence⌁ Evidence⌁ Evidence⌁ Evidence

• Vitiligo: a GP may start with sun-safety advice, camouflage cream, or topical steroids. They refer to a dermatologist when more than 10% of the body is affected, or when topical steroids have not worked.
• Psoriasis: a GP can prescribe some treatments directly, or refer to a dermatologist for options such as light therapy and other medicines when the disease is more severe.
• Camouflage cream matching is a free NHS service, and some camouflage creams can be prescribed.
• Skin-graft and related depigmentation-reversal procedures are not widely available in the UK and are not NHS-funded.

Canada's public health insurance is run by each province and territory. It covers medically necessary physician and hospital services. That generally includes a dermatologist visit and hospital-based phototherapy.⌁ Evidence

• Covered: medically necessary hospital and physician services, including primary care and specialist visits.
• Not automatically covered: outpatient prescription drugs and home medical equipment. These usually need a separate provincial drug plan or private insurance.
• Some provinces and territories add coverage for specific groups, such as seniors or children.

Medicare pays 85% of the schedule fee for a specialist visit like a dermatologist appointment. That rebate only applies with a referral. Without one, Medicare covers none of the cost. Separately, the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) subsidizes the cost of medicine for most conditions.⌁ Evidence⌁ Evidence⌁ Evidence

• A GP referral is needed for the Medicare rebate to apply. Most referrals last 12 months, covering a single course of treatment.
• A specialist can charge more than the schedule fee. The difference is an out-of-pocket gap, which private hospital insurance may help cover.
• PBS-listed medicines are dispensed by a pharmacist for use at home. Some higher-risk medicines are only available through a specialized medical service.

India's national government health scheme, Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY, gives eligible families health cover of 5 lakh rupees per family per year. That cover is for hospitalization, not routine outpatient visits.⌁ Evidence

• Eligibility: the scheme identifies over 12 crore families as the poorest 40% of India's population.
• Covered: secondary and tertiary care hospitalization.
• Not covered by PM-JAY: an ordinary outpatient dermatology appointment for vitiligo or psoriasis, since that is not a hospitalization.